PMC

Metabolic activation of ochratoxin leading to DNA adducts. OTA: Ochratoxin A; OTHQ: Hydroxyl quinone ochratoxin; OTQ: Quinone ochratoxin; OTB: Dechlorinated ochratoxin; GSH: Reduced glutathione; GS: Oxidized glutathione; dG-OTA: Guanine OTA adduct.

LC-HR-MS Total Ion Current (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (XIC) filtered on the accurate mass of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin alpha from the supernatant of liquid culture sample added with ochratoxin A and inoculated Acinetobacter sp. neg1. In the upper panels are reported (A) the full mass chromatogram; (B) the extracted ion chromatogram filtered on the accurate mass of ochratoxin alpha; and (C) the extracted ion chromatogram filtered on the accurate mass of ochratoxin A.

The amide bond hydrolysis (up arrow) resulting Ochratoxin α as a major degradation product.

Overview of ochratoxin A (OTA) metabolites in animals and humans. Ochratoxins are differentially metabolised in various animals and humans depending on the metabolising enzymes present in liver, kidneys and/or gut. OTA, ochratoxin A; OTB, ochratoxin B; OTC, ochratoxin C; OTα, ochratoxin α; OTβ, ochratoxin β, OTHQ, OT hydroquinone; 4R-OH-OTB, 4R-hydroxyochratoxin B; OP-OTA, lactone-opened OTA; 10-OH-OTA, 10-hydroxyochratoxin A; 4R-OH-OTA, 4R-hydroxyochratoxin A; 4S-OH-OTA, 4S-hydroxyochratoxin A; 4S-OH-OTB, 4S-hydroxyochratoxin B. The respective metabolite is the main metabolite in the underlined taxa (for rodents, data of different authors is contradictory). Genera in brackets represent those where the metabolite has been detected, although it may be present in other animals or humans as well. Summarised from [,,].